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- <text id=91TT0810>
- <title>
- Apr. 15, 1991: How the Nose Knows
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Apr. 15, 1991 Saddam's Latest Victims
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 55
- How the Nose Knows
- </hdr><body>
- <p>Researchers discover the first known genes of smell and unlock
- one of the mysteries of the primitive brain
- </p>
- <p> The sense of smell is the most primitive of the five senses,
- a throwback to the primordial mists when the brain was scarcely
- developed. It is also the least understood sense. The human nose
- can distinguish an extraordinary bouquet of odors, some 10,000
- in all, and other animals can better that. It has long been
- recognized that moths, for example, are exquisitely sensitive to
- certain pheromone molecules and can sniff out a potential mate
- half a mile away. But scientists could not begin to explain
- precisely how they did it.
- </p>
- <p> Until last week. In a discovery that promises to open up
- a whole new field of olfactory science, two researchers at
- Columbia University announced they have isolated what they
- believe are the first known odor receptors--individual genes
- that are active in the nose and nowhere else in the body. What
- is more, the molecules they found seem to be part of an extended
- family of smell genes--perhaps the largest single family in
- the long strand of mammalian DNA. "We have identified a few
- hundred genes," says Richard Axel, a professor at Columbia's
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute. "And there is reason to suspect
- there may be as many as a thousand."
- </p>
- <p> That is a lot of genes by modern standards. The eye, by
- contrast, uses only three different types of receptors--one
- sensitive to red light, another to green light and another to
- blue--to recognize a few thousand different colors. Most of
- the information processing required to distinguish, say, mauve
- from chartreuse is actually done by the brain.
- </p>
- <p> The new findings, published in the current issue of the
- journal Cell, suggest that the sense of smell may work very
- differently. When odor molecules drift among the millions of
- tiny cilia located high in the nasal cavity, they seem to slip
- into certain odor receptors like keys into locks. The fact that
- there are such a large number of different kinds of odor
- receptors suggests that much of the work of discriminating among
- smells is being carried out at a chemical level within the nose
- itself. Signals from these receptors are then transmitted to the
- olfactory bulb, the small region of the brain that specializes
- in identifying fragrances. But since that information has been
- filtered through the odor receptors before it is passed along,
- the brain does not have to do very much of its own processing
- before concluding that what it is confronting is a garlic clove
- and not a rose.
- </p>
- <p> This makes a certain amount of sense from an evolutionary
- point of view. Although humans tend to treasure sight above all
- other senses, primitive animals probably relied more heavily on
- smell than on vision for their survival. And since their small
- brain size may have limited their capacity to process large
- quantities of information, they needed lots of specialized cells
- to do the work of identifying, say, the smell of food that had
- spoiled or the odors associated with fertility and reproduction.
- </p>
- <p> The nose, therefore, may be a key to understanding how the
- brain works. "These molecules will serve as useful tools" for
- solving a variety of scientific problems, says Linda Buck, who
- co-authored the Cell article with Axel. This knowledge may even
- yield some practical benefits. Pesticide makers may be able to
- design improved insect repellents based on a better
- understanding of why certain pests are attracted to some people
- and not to others. And who knows, perfume manufacturers could
- someday offer custom-made scents that are designed to snare not
- just any man, but a particular, special someone.
- </p>
- <p> By Philip Elmer-DeWitt
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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